Publications: EPIC-Oxford
See key EPIC-Oxford publications
2023
Papier, K, and Clark, M. Vegan diet has just 30% of the environmental impact of a high-meat diet, major study finds. The Conversation (2023).
Scarborough, P., Clark, M., Cobiac, L., Papier, K., Knuppel, A., Lynch, J., Harrington, R., Key, T.J., Springmann, M. Vegans, vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters in the UK show discrepant environmental impacts. Nat Food 4, 565–574 (2023).
2022
Appleby PN. The EPIC-Oxford study and its contribution to the study of vegetarian health. The Vegetarian Society 2022 Online publication.
PubMed
Key TJ, Papier K, Tong TYN. Plant-based diets and long-term health: findings from the EPIC-Oxford study. Proc Nutr Soc. 2022; 81(2):190-198. PubMed
Tong TYN, Papier K, Key TJ. Meat, vegetables and health - interpreting the evidence. Nat Med. 2022; 28(10):2001-2002. PubMed
2021
Schmidt J.A, Fensom G.K, Rinaldi S, Scalbert A, Gunter M.J, Holmes M.V, Key T.J, Travis R.C. Nmr metabolite profiles in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans, and comparison with ms metabolite profiles. Metabolites 2021; 11(2): 121.
PubMed
2020
Scheelbeek P, Green R, Papier K, Knuppel A, et al including EPIC co-authors Key TJ. Health impacts and environmental footprints of diets that meet the Eatwell Guide recommendations: analyses of multiple UK studies. BMJ Open 2020; 10(8): e037554
PubMed
Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Armstrong MEG, Fensom GK, Knuppel A, Papier K, Perez-Cornago A, Travis RC, Key TJ. Vegetarian and vegan diets and risks of total and site-specific fractures: results from the prospective EPIC-Oxford study. BMC Med 2020; 18(1):353.
PubMed
2019
Knuppel A, Papier K, Key TJ, Travis RC. EAT-Lancet score and major health outcomes: the EPIC-Oxford study. Lancet 2019; 394(10194): 213-214.
PubMed
Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE, Perez-Cornago A, Travis RC, Clarke R, Key TJ. Risks of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in meat eaters, fish eaters, and vegetarians over 18 years of follow-up: results from the prospective EPIC-Oxford study. BMJ 2019 366: 14897.
PubMed
Papier K, Appleby PN, Fensom GK, Knuppel A, Perez-Cornago A, Schmidt JA, Tong TYN, Key TJ. Vegetarian diets and risk of hospitalisation or death with diabetes in British adults: results from the EPIC-Oxford study. Nutr Diabetes 2019; 9(1):7.
PubMed
Papier K, Tong TY, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE, Fensom GK, Knuppel A, Perez-Cornago A, Schmidt JA, Travis RC, Key TJ. Comparison of Major Protein-Source Foods and Other Food Groups in Meat-Eaters and Non-Meat-Eaters in the EPIC-Oxford Cohort. Nutrients 2019; 11(4).
PubMed
2017
McConnell TJ, Appleby PN, Key TJ. Vegetarian diet as a risk factor for symptomatic gallstone disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71: 731-735.
PubMed
Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE, Key TJ. Cross-sectional analyses of participation in cancer screening and use of hormone replacement therapy and medications in meat eaters and vegetarians: the EPIC-Oxford study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e018245.
PubMed
2016
Appleby PN, Crowe FL, Bradbury KE, Travis RC, Key TJ. Mortality in vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United Kingdom. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103: 218-30.
PubMed
Appleby PN, Key TJ. The long-term health of vegetarians and vegans. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75: 287-93.
PubMed
Schmidt JA, Rinaldi S, Scalbert A, Ferrari P, Achaintre D, Gunter MJ, Appleby PN, Key TJ, Travis RC. Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70: 306-12.
PubMed
2015
Schmidt JA, Rinaldi S, Ferrari P, Carayol M, Achaintre D, Scalbert A, CrossAJ, Gunter MJ, Fensom GK, Appleby PN, Key TJ, Travis RC. Metabolic profiles of male meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans from the EPIC-Oxford cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102: 1518-26.
PubMed
2014
Bradbury KE, Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Schmidt JA, Travis RC, Key TJ. Serum concentrations of cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B in a total of 1694 meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 178-83.
PubMed
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Crowe FL, Bradbury KE, Schmidt JA, Travis RC. Cancer in British vegetarians: updated analyses of 4998 incident cancers in a cohort of 32,491 meat eaters, 8612 fish eaters, 18,298 vegetarians, and 2246 vegans. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100 Suppl 1: 378S-85S.
PubMed
Scarborough P, Appleby P.N, Mizdrak A, Briggs A.D.M, Travis R.C, Bradbury K.E, Key T.J. Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Clim Change 2014; (2):179-192.
PubMed
Turney BW, Appleby PN, Reynard JM, Noble JG, Key TJ, Allen NE. Diet and risk of kidney stones in the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Eur J Epidemiol 2014; 29(5): 363-9.
PubMed
2013
Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Travis R, Key TJ. Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97: 1-7.
PubMed
Schmidt JA, Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Key TJ, Travis RC. Serum uric acid concentrations in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56339.
PubMed
2011
Appleby PN, Allen NE, Key TJ. Diet, vegetarianism, and cataract risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 93(5):1128-35.
PubMed
Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Key TJ. Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): prospective study of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians. BMJ. 2011; 343:d4131.
PubMed
Crowe FL, Steur M, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Travis RC, Key TJ. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: results from the EPIC-Oxford study. Public Health Nutr 2011; 14(2): 340-6.
PubMed
Key TJ. Diet, insulin-like growth factor-1 and cancer risk. Proc Nutr Soc 2011; 70: 1-4.
PubMed
Key TJ. Endogenous oestrogens and breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Steroids 2011; 76: 812-5.
PubMed
Key TJ. Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2011; 104: 6-11.
PubMed
2010
Gilsing AM, Crowe FL, Lloyd-Wright Z, Sanders TA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Key TJ. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010; 64 (9):933-9.
PubMed
2009
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Travis RC, Allen NE, Thorogood M, Mann JI. Cancer incidence in British vegetarians. Br J Cancer 2009; 101 (1):192-7.
PubMed
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Allen NE. Mortality in British Vegetarians: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (Epic-Oxford). Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89 (5): 1613S-1619S.
PubMed
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Allen NE. Cancer Incidence in Vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89 (5): 1620S-1626S.
PubMed
Roddam AW, Appleby P, Neale R, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Tipper S, Allen NE, Key TJ. Association between endogenous plasma hormone concentrations and fracture risk in men and women: the EPIC-Oxford prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27 (4): 485-93.
PubMed
2008
Allen NE, Grace PB, Ginn A, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Appleby PN, Key T. Phytanic acid: measurement of plasma concentrations by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and associations with diet and other plasma fatty acids. Br J Nutr 2008; 99: 653-9.
PubMed
Appleby PN, Allen NE, Roddam AW, Key TJ. Physical activity and fracture risk: a prospective study of 1898 incident fractures among 34,696 British men and women. J Bone Miner Metab 2008; 26 (2):191-8.
PubMed
Travis RC, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Roddam AW, Key TJ. A prospective study of vegetarianism and isoflavone intake in relation to breast cancer risk in British women. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 705-10.
PubMed
2007
Appleby P, Roddam A, Allen N, Key T. Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61 (12):1400-1406.
PubMed
Casabonne D, Michael K M, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Forslund O, Burk R D, Travis RC, Key TJ, Newton R. A prospective pilot study of antibodies against human papillomaviruses and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma nested in the Oxford component of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1862-8.
PubMed
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Roddam AW, Neale R E, Allen NE. Calcium, diet and fracture risk: a prospective study of 1898 incident fractures among 34 696 British women and men. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10 (11):1314-1320.
PubMed
Roddam AW, Neale R, Appleby P, Allen NE, Tipper S, Key TJ. Association between Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Fracture Risk: The EPIC-Oxford Study. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166 (11); 1327-1336.
PubMed
2006
Rosell M, Appleby P, Spencer E, Key T. Weight gain over 5 years in 21,966 meat-eating, fish-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men and women in EPIC-Oxford. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:1389-96.
PubMed
2005
Rosell M, Appleby P, Key T. Height, age at menarche, body weight and body mass index in life-long vegetarians. Public Health Nutr 2005; 8:870-875.
PubMed
Rosell MS, Lloyd-Wright Z, Appleby PN, Sanders T A, Allen NE, Key TJ. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma in British meat-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 327-334
PubMed
2004
Rosell M.S, Appleby P.N, Spencer E.A, Key T.J. Soy intake and blood cholesterol concentrations: a cross-sectional study of 1033 pre- and postmenopausal women in the Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80(5):1391-6
PubMed
Sanjoaquin MA, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Key TJ. Nutrition and lifestyle in relation to bowel movement frequency: a cross-sectional study of 20630 men and women in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7:77-83.
PubMed
Spencer EA, Roddam AW, Key TJ. Accuracy of self-reported waist and hip measurements in 4492 EPIC-Oxford participants. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7: 723-727.
PubMed
2003
Allen NE, Appleby PN, Kaaks R, Rinaldi S, Davey GK, Key TJ. Lifestyle determinants of serum insulin-like growth-factor-I (IGF-I), C-peptide and hormone binding protein levels in British women. Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14: 65-74.
PubMed
Allen NE, Reichardt JK, Nguyen H, Key TJ. Association between two polymorphisms in the SRD5A2 gene and serum androgen concentrations in British men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 578-581.
PubMed
Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Knox KH, Key TJ. EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutr 2003; 6: 259-269.
PubMed
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Allen NE, Spencer EA, Travis RC. Mortality in British vegetarians: review and preliminary results from EPIC-Oxford. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 533S-538S.
PubMed
Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Diet and body mass index in 38000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 728-734.
PubMed
2002
Allen NE, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Kaaks R, Rinaldi S, Key TJ. The associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 1441-1448.
PubMed
Allen NE, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Lifestyle and nutritional determinants of bioavailable androgens and related hormones in British men. Cancer Causes Control 2002; 13: 353-363.
PubMed
Allen NE, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ, Rinaldi S, Kaaks R. The effect of diet on serum insulin-like growth-factor-I and its main binding proteins. IARC Sci Publ 2002; 156: 295-296.
PubMed
Allen NE, Davey GK, Key TJ, Zhang S, Narod S . Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration in men is not associated with the cytosine-adenosine repeat polymorphism of the IGF-I gene. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 319-320.
PubMed
Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Hypertension and blood pressure among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 645-654.
PubMed
Davey G, Allen N, Appleby P, Spencer E, Verkasalo P, Knox K, Postans J, Tipper S, Hobson C, Key T. Dietary and lifestyle characteristics of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. IARC Sci Publ 2002; 156:113-4.
PubMed
Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Validity of self-reported height and weight in 4808 EPIC-Oxford participants. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 561-565.
PubMed
Verkasalo PK, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Davey GK, Spencer EA, Postans J, Adlercreutz H, Key TJ. Validation study of soya intake and plasma isoflavone levels among British women. IARC Sci Publ 2002; 156: 135-136.
PubMed
2001
Allen NE, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Soy milk intake in relation to serum sex hormone levels in British men. Nutr Cancer 2001; 41: 41-46.
PubMed
Allen NE, Forrest MS, Key TJ. The association between polymorphisms in the CYP17 and 5alpha-reductase (SRD5A2) genes and serum androgen concentrations in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 185-189.
PubMed
Verkasalo P.K, Appleby P.N, Allen N.E, Davey G, Adlercreutz H, Key T.J. Soya intake and plasma concentrations of daidzein and genistein: Validity of dietary assessment among eighty British women (Oxford arm of the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition). Br J Nutr 2001; 86(3): 415-421.
PubMed
Verkasalo PK, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Soy milk intake and plasma sex hormones: a cross-sectional study in pre- and postmenopausal women (EPIC-Oxford). Nutr Cancer 2001; 40: 79-86.
PubMed
Verkasalo PK, Thomas HV, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Circulating levels of sex hormones and their relation to risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study in 1092 pre- and postmenopausal women (United Kingdom). Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 47-59.
PubMed
2000
Allen NE, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Hormones and diet: low insulin-like growth factor-I but normal bioavailable androgens in vegan men. Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 95-97.
PubMed
1999
Key TJ, Davey GK, Appleby PN. Health benefits of a vegetarian diet. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 May;58(2):271-5. doi: 10.1017/s0029665199000373. PMID: 10466166 Review.
Thomas HV, Davey GK, Key TJ. Oestradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal and post-menopausal meat-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Br J Cancer. 1999 Jul;80(9):1470-5. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690546. PMID: 10424753
1997
Bingham SA, Gill C, Welch A, Cassidy A, Runswick SA, Oakes S, Lubin R, Thurnham DI, Key TJ, Roe L, Khaw KT, Day NE Validation of dietary assessment methods in the UK arm of EPIC using weighed records, and 24-hour urinary nitrogen and potassium and serum vitamin C and carotenoids as biomarkers. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26 Suppl 1:S137-51. doi: 10.1093/ije/26.suppl_1.s137. PMID: 9126542
1996
Key T, Oakes S, Davey G, Moore J, Edmond LM, McLoone UJ, Thurnham DI. Stability of vitamins A, C, and E, carotenoids, lipids, and testosterone in whole blood stored at 4 degrees C for 6 and 24 hours before separation of serum and plasma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996 Oct;5(10):811-4. PMID: 8896892
Key T, Davey G Prevalence of obesity is low in people who do not eat meat. BMJ. 1996 Sep 28;313(7060):816-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.313.7060.816. PMID: 8842088
1995
Bingham SA, Cassidy A, Cole TJ, Welch A, Runswick SA, Black AE, Thurnham D, Bates C, Khaw KT, Key TJ, et al. Validation of weighed records and other methods of dietary assessment using the 24 h urine nitrogen technique and other biological markers. Br J Nutr. 1995 Apr;73(4):531-50. doi: 10.1079/bjn19950057. PMID: 7794870
1994
Bingham SA, Gill C, Welch A, Day K, Cassidy A, Khaw KT, Sneyd MJ, Key TJ, Roe L, Day NE Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records. Br J Nutr. 1994 Oct;72(4):619-43. doi: 10.1079/bjn19940064. PMID: 7986792
1993
Key T, Forman D, Cotton L, et al. Diet and mammographic patterns: work in progress. Food and Cancer Prevention: Chemical and Biological Aspects. Cambridge: the Royal Society of Chemistry, 1993; Issue 123 p37-41. doi: 10.1533/9781845698256.1.37